Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan delivered Singapore’s national statement at the General Debate of the 77th Session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly on 24 September 2022.
Minister Balakrishnan underscored the urgent need for concerted global cooperation in the face of multiple concurrent crises. Singapore believes that the only way forward is to uphold multilateralism, the UN Charter and international law. Multilateralism must be defended and fortified. Countries should collectively strengthen the UN and the multilateral system to address these new challenges and opportunities.
Minister Balakrishnan outlined three areas in the global commons where there is an urgent need to enhance resilience – climate change and food insecurity; global health and pandemic preparedness; and digital transformation and cybersecurity.
The transcript of Minister Balakrishnan’s national statement is appended.
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MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
SINGAPORE
25 SEPTEMBER 2022
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NATIONAL STATEMENT BY MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE DR VIVIAN BALAKRISHNAN TO THE 77TH SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, NEW YORK, 24 SEPTEMBER 2022
Multilateralism and International Law for a World in Crisis
Mr President, Excellencies,
Let me first congratulate His Excellency Csaba Kőrösi on assuming the Presidency of the 77th session of the General Assembly. I also commend His Excellency Abdulla Shahid for his stalwart leadership of the 76th session during what was a most challenging year.
2 This (General) Assembly is taking place in the shadow of multiple concurrent crises. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine flagrantly violates international law and the UN Charter and undermines the rules-based order. We are also deeply concerned about the potential annexation of even more Ukrainian territory. The multilateral system, which has contributed so greatly to global peace and security, is now being severely tested.
3 At the same time, superpower rivalry continues to sharpen. As we have seen in theatres from Europe to Asia this year, the risks of accidents, miscalculations, confrontation, and even outright conflict have escalated. The prospects for international cooperation have weakened considerably and the temptation to resort to unilateralism has become even stronger. But the need for global cooperation has never been greater or more urgent, given the range of transnational challenges that all of us confront today.
4 Our recovery from COVID-19 remains uneven and fragile. The risk of a future and even more deadly pandemic has risen.
5 The global economy is entering a period characterised by higher and prolonged inflation, and we see high interest rates all over the world. Energy prices have soared. It will become harder to generate the resources all of us need in order to address these long-term problems.
6 Societies everywhere will have to grapple with greater internal division, disruption, and polarisation. Without that sense of cohesion, unity, trust, or even an ability to agree on facts, the will and unity needed for societies to confront these existential challenges will be undermined considerably.
7 The climate crisis is a clear and present threat. Our global commons including water and biodiversity are also deteriorating rapidly. Our global food supply is at risk.
8 To make things worse, all these threats and crises are occurring concurrently; interacting with and compounding each other in a vicious circle. For instance, the Secretary-General has spoken of a triple crisis (of) food, fuel, and finance. The impact of these simultaneous crises on ordinary people and on our livelihoods has been severe, and all the more so in developing countries. We see this in the devastating impact of the floods in Pakistan and in parts of Africa.
9 The post-World War II era of relative stability and prosperity has unfortunately come to an end. A new world order is being born and any obstetrician here will tell you the moment of delivery is actually the most dangerous. Will we have a more divided, less prosperous, and less peaceful world? Or instead, can we strengthen multilateralism and the United Nations to deal with the challenges of the future, uphold and strengthen the rules-based international system, and jointly harness the opportunities offered by new technologies, including digital technology, synthetic biology and customised healthcare, and renewable energy. If we can do this, we can then create a new era of peace and prosperity for everyone.
10 Singapore believes that the only way forward is to uphold the inclusive and rules-based multilateral system that has underwritten peace and progress for all of us since World War II.
11 This is also why we have worked with a cross-regional group of countries to establish the Forum of Small States (FOSS). We did so in 1992. We started small with only 16 countries. This year, we celebrate the 30th anniversary of FOSS. We now have a 108 countries – a majority at the UN – we are all proud members. FOSS has always been a champion of the UN and rules-based multilateralism. It gives us a collective stake and voice in the global commons, a means to safeguard our interests, and a system where we have sovereign equality and disputes can be settled peacefully in accordance with international law.
12 Indeed, the profound importance of multilateralism and international law is precisely why Singapore condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The security and even existence of Singapore – and many other countries, and especially small states – depends on the international community upholding the fundamental principles of sovereignty and territorial integrity.
13 If we do not protect these principles, there is then no basis for countries – big and small – to cooperate on an equal footing. Small states especially must not allow the world to regress to one where ‘might is right’.
14 While the rules-based multilateral system is not perfect, it is by far our best option in addressing transnational challenges and managing the global commons. This was exemplified by the pivotal adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 40 years ago. It brought order and predictability to the governance of the oceans and provided a universal legal framework in which all States can work together.
15 The geopolitical reality today makes it harder to forge consensus on such a framework. But as our experience with COVID-19 has shown, multilateral cooperation is the only way forward. Ultimately, we share one planet. Despite all our differences, our destinies are inter-woven, and no one is safe until all of us are safe. This applies for pandemics, it also applies for climate change, the conservation of the oceans, and all our other shared challenges.
16 Singapore will do our part. We are honoured that Ambassador Rena Lee serves as the President of the BBNJ Conference (Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction), which is currently negotiating a treaty under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. We call on all delegations to expedite the conclusion of a robust and future-proof BBNJ treaty.
17 There is much more that we can do to re-energise and transform the UN-based multilateral system to new realities and challenges. I commend the leadership of the Secretary-General in putting forth a bold and ambitious “Common Agenda” to do so.
18 Let me focus on just three areas in our global commons where there is an urgent need to build resilience: climate change and food insecurity, global health and pandemic preparedness, and digital transformation and cybersecurity.
Climate Change and Food Insecurity
19 Climate change remains the most pressing challenge confronting humanity today, as we have seen from the more frequent occurrences of extreme weather events and the devastation that they have wrought world over.
20 We need a sustained and ambitious global response. Continued commitment by all countries to the Paris Agreement and Glasgow Climate Pact – that is absolutely critical. We also need to step up cooperation in the transition to net zero. This will be the biggest socio-economic transformation since the Industrial Revolution. Both will require considerable economic restructuring, technological breakthroughs, investments, and behavioural changes. The UN-led multilateral system will be key in pulling everyone together to row in the same direction and not leave anyone behind.
21 Singapore, as a small, low-lying, alternative-energy disadvantaged island nation, is especially vulnerable to climate change and rising sea-levels.
22 Singapore’s impact on global emissions is infinitely small, but we take our climate change action obligations very seriously. We have just raised our climate ambition to achieve net zero emissions by or around mid-century. A comprehensive strategy to green our economy is taking shape, and we will raise carbon taxes progressively from 2024.
23 We will do our part to build a comprehensive green finance ecosystem and facilitate the regional journey to net zero. We are supporting industry efforts to build the infrastructure for a voluntary carbon credit market in Asia. We are also building capabilities in environmental risk management in the financial sector and providing grants to defray the costs of green and sustainability-linked loans and bonds.
24 An adjacent issue is food insecurity. Climate change, the pandemic, and the war in Ukraine have all exacerbated the threat to our food security. According to a UN report, as many as 828 million people were affected by hunger last year — that is 46 million more than 2020 and 150 million more than 2019.
25 We must reverse this negative trend. First, we need to ensure that food supply chains remain open and operate smoothly. Second, we must pursue innovation and leverage technology to adapt to new challenges. For example, working together to develop climate-resilient food systems, whilst developing the necessary precautions for food safety. There is much scope for multilateral cooperation on capacity-building and the development of global norms and standards.
Global Health Architecture and Pandemic Preparedness
26 Next — it is essential to build a more robust global health architecture to protect our future generations. After COVID-19, there will be other pandemics and other major health emergencies. In my view, COVID-19 was perhaps a full dress rehearsal for a worse pandemic to come.
27 We must be better prepared to predict, prevent, detect, assess, and respond to pandemics in a coordinated and effective fashion in (the) future. We have a collective responsibility to rectify the longstanding under-investment in pandemic preparedness, amongst other global public goods.
28 Singapore has supported multilateral initiatives to strengthen the global health security system. We will continue to support the COVAX Facility, and we have contributed to the establishment of a financial intermediary fund for pandemic prevention, preparedness and response hosted by the World Bank.
Digital Transformation and Cybersecurity
29 Lastly, we must enhance international cooperation to harness the opportunities of the digital revolution.
30 Digital transformation does not take place in a vacuum. It must be navigated in the context of intersecting issues — geopolitical tensions, technological bifurcation, cybersecurity threats, and the digital divide.
31 The world has made significant progress by developing based on a single shared technology stack. Interconnectedness (and) interoperability has brought us together, lowered costs, (and) spurred innovation and competition and the cross-fertilisation of ideas. But if we fracture our world and our technology stack, all that good work and that speed of progress and innovation will be slowed down significantly.
32 We need an open and inclusive global framework to harness and optimise the opportunities of digital transformation, while effectively addressing all its challenges. A zero-sum, exclusionary, bifurcated approach benefits no one. An erosion of trust and an atmosphere of confrontation will only breed more cyber threats and malicious cyber activities. We must also ensure that all States, particularly small states, developing and least developed countries benefit from the digital revolution and not be left behind.
33 Singapore fully supports the Secretary-General’s proposal for a Global Digital Compact, which has received strong support from Member States.
34 We are honoured that Ambassador Burhan Gafoor serves as Chair of the Open-Ended Working Group on security of and in the use of information and communications technologies. The consensus adoption of the Working Group’s first Annual Progress Report in July is a welcome sign that multilateralism is alive and well, and can still deliver meaningful progress on the global commons even in these difficult times.
Mr President, Excellencies,
35 To conclude — this is a moment where multilateralism must be defended and fortified. Our responses to these myriad opportunities and challenges must remain rooted in the foundational tenets of multilateralism, including especially adherence to the UN Charter and international law.
36 I remain an optimist in these difficult times and I believe that we are actually on the cusp of an era of profound technological breakthroughs, one that will equip humanity with unimaginably powerful new tools.
37 It is in the world’s interest – and in our own national long-term interest – to set aside our differences, address the challenges of the global commons, and to harvest the emerging opportunities provided by new technologies.
38 Ultimately, as Member States, we have as much responsibility to each other and to our citizens: to work together, to improve, adapt, and strengthen the multilateral system that we have built so painstakingly over the past 77 years, so that our people – all people – can lead better, more secure, more peaceful, and happier lives.
39 Thank you Mr President, Excellencies.
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Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan delivering Singapore’s National Statement at the 77th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, 24 September 2022
Photo credit: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore
Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Vivian Balakrishnan delivering Singapore’s National Statement at the 77th Session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, 24 September 2022
Photo credit: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore
